Taino zemis

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Taino zemis. Three-pointer stones and celts. Taíno artist, Three-Cornered Stone (Trigonolito), 13th–15th century C.E., limestone, from the Dominican Republic ( The Metropolitan Museum of Art) Common objects produced by the Taíno include zemís, duhos (wooden ritual seats), three-pointer stones, and celts. Three-cornered stones can be small enough to ...

Speaking through Taíno spiritual leaders in trances, Puerto Rico’s ancestors repeatedly warned before last year’s devastating hurricanes to take care, algo viene, something is coming. These spiritual phenomena are an important strand of the Taíno resurgence, as descendants of the supposedly extinct Caribbean Indigenous peoples recover from the hurricane of European colonialism. This ...

Taíno creation myths are symbolic narratives about the origins of life, the Earth, and the universe, intrinsically shaped from the nature of the tropical islands the Taíno inhabited. The Taíno people were the predominant indigenous people of the Caribbean and were the ones who encountered the explorer Christopher Columbus and his men in 1492. May 17, 2023 - Taino Sun and Moon Illustrator: Angel Ortiz This is my interpretation of the spirits of the sun and the spirit of moon, from the indigenous culture from the Caribbean islands called Tainos. These beings where also known as Zemi or Cemi in Taino Culture. These interpretation that I made where3 Taíno Influence of Jamaican Folk Traditions Lesley-Gail Atkinson May 2010Info:Small stone zemi. Shamans played an important role in Taíno society as medical practitioners, using an hallucinogenic preparation named "Cohoba" to get in trance and to contact the spirits for help to determine the cause of the illnesses. The Shaman recited sacred chants accompanied of maracas to play a rhythm. He produced a stone amulet ...LHDXQ: Get the latest Lucira Health stock price and detailed information including LHDXQ news, historical charts and realtime prices. Failures of Covid vaccine maker Novavax Inc (N...Jul 4, 2018 · The Taino didn’t have a written language, but they did have an elaborate culture. They grew crops including beans, yuca, maize, sweet potatoes, and more. They knew how to extract cyanide from the yucca plant, and even made pepper gas to use during the war. Tainos utilized natural medicine to treat their people. Queen Elizabeth just made her first Instagram post after a visit to London’s Science Museum, inspired by a letter from a computer engineer. She might not be posting beach selfies a...

Taxable benefit will be based on the startup's fair market value, and where unavailable, it'll be determined based on financial statements. Kenya is proposing a special tax regime ...Oct 6, 2019 · The Taino, first original settlers of Hispaniola Island, now Dominican Republic. When Christopher Columbus found the American continent back in October 12, 1492 he was under the impression of being at or close to India, in his quest for a quicker trade route. What he found were the Taino, an indigenous culture that populated many of the ... NMAI/107464. The idol, a statue of a Taíno “cemi” (deity) identified as Boinayel, was carved into a stalagmite in a cave known locally as the Cave of Water or the Diety’s Cave in La Patana, Cuba. Photo by Mark Harrington, “Cuba Before Columbus,” NMAI/01371. Petroglyphs found in the same cave as the idol, La Patana, Cuba.While many zemís, were used as cohoba stands, the word “zemí” in the Taíno language refers to “a spiritual and vital force pertaining to deities and ancestors;” [2] meaning that zemís were also imbued with …Updated on July 21, 2019. Areito also spelled areyto (plural areitos) is what the Spanish conquistadors called an important ceremony composed and performed by and for the Taíno people of the Caribbean. An areito was a "bailar candanto" or "sung dance", an intoxicating blend of dance, music and poetry, and it played a significant role in Taíno ...Maquetaurie is the other one I was already familiar with to some degree. Someone I knew online years ago wrote him up as a deity in a Caribbean-based homebrew setting for Pathfinder, though he spelled him Maketaori. That was the first time I'd ever heard of the Zemis or of Taino myth. He sounds a lot like Yamaraja.

When Christopher Columbus arrived on the Bahamian Island of Guanahani (San Salvador) in 1492, he encountered the Taíno people, whom he described in letters as "naked as the day they were born." The Taíno had complex hierarchical religious, political, and social systems. Skilled farmers and navigators, they wrote music and poetry and created ... The Taíno were a historic indigenous people of the Caribbean, whose culture has been continued today by Taíno descendant communities and Taíno revivalist communities. At the tiThe Taíno believed that zemis, gods of both sexes, represented by both human and animal forms, provided protection.Taino ceremonial ball court in Puerto Rico (Wikimedia Commons)“The presence of apparently extra-local pottery made by many different potters, the presence of extra-local faunal resources (including marine shellfish), the presence and use of pine resin from an off-island source, the strong representation of medicinal and ceremonial plants, …The Taino gods were often depicted as zemis, which were small wooden idols that represented the spirits of the gods. The Taino people would offer gifts and sacrifices to these idols to appease the gods and gain their favor. The Taino religion was a polytheistic one, meaning that they believed in many gods and goddesses.Jul 4, 2018 · The Taino didn’t have a written language, but they did have an elaborate culture. They grew crops including beans, yuca, maize, sweet potatoes, and more. They knew how to extract cyanide from the yucca plant, and even made pepper gas to use during the war. Tainos utilized natural medicine to treat their people.

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Religious spirits which were represented by idols of wood, stones, shell, and bones in the West Indies. Zemis are human or animal in form. Ceremonial centers, ball-courts, and caves are associated with the cult, which may have reached the islands from Mesoamerica. The Taino culture is famous for these zemi carvings, which are found in many of the islands, notably Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. A ...A Taino Stone Celt. $750. Feb 29, 2024 Taino Head Zemi With Powerful Facial Features. $100. Feb 24, 2024 Stone Taino Seated Figure. $100. Pre-Columbian, Hispaniola, Greater Antilles Islands, Taino / Arawak Indians, ca. 1000 to 1500 CE. Carved from a rich, dark stone, a very expressive Zemi {ellipsis}Jul 16, 2023 ... ... Zemis (Cemi)” p.114. Caribbeans Today Or Santeria Practitioners: When someone is sick they will bring them into a botanica to see a santero ...The Earliest Inhabitants aims to promote Jamaican Taínan archaeology and highlight the diverse research conducted on the island's prehistoric sites and artefacts. Of the fourteen papers in this volume, six are reprints of seminal articles that are not widely available and eight are based on recent archaeological research. The chapters are organized by …Buying a motor home doesn't just give you the freedom to go wherever you want whenever you want. It also potentially lets you write off a portion of the cost of that travel. Whethe...Wooden zemis were preserved in relatively dry caves. It is believed that Taíno people hid their ceremonial objects in caves, away from the Spanish, or destroyed them to avoid having them fall into Spanish hands. Beaded zemis. Two of the most elaborate surviving zemis are housed in European museums.

Zemi Beach House is now part of Hilton's LXR collection of hotels and resorts. Use your Hilton points to stay at this intimate boutique property in Anguilla. Update: Some offers me... For the Taino, the term zemi can refer to a deity or ancestral spirit as well as the object or sculpture containing the spirit. The sculptures appear in a range of sizes and can be made of a variety of materials including wood, stone, bone, shell, or ceramic, as seen here. Zemis provided a powerful connection to the spiritual realm that could ... Apr 9, 2013 ... The Tainos used zemis to represent gods and ancestors. Figures of zemis were modeled out of clay or carved out of bone, shell, or stone.Zemis, trees and symbolic landscapes: three Taino carvings from Jamaica / Nicholas Saunders and Dorrick Gray. Publisher's summary. "The Earliest Inhabitants" aims to promote Jamaican Tainan archaeology and highlight the diverse research conducted on the island's prehistoric sites and artefacts. Of the fourteen papers in this volume, six are ... For the Taino, the term zemi can refer to a deity or ancestral spirit as well as the object or sculpture containing the spirit. The sculptures appear in a range of sizes and can be made of a variety of materials including wood, stone, bone, shell, or ceramic, as seen here. Zemis provided a powerful connection to the spiritual realm that could ... Zemis y religión Los taínos adoraban a dos dioses principales, Yúcahu , el señor de la yuca y el mar, y Atabey , su madre y diosa del agua dulce y la fertilidad humana. Yúcahu y Atabey , así como otros dioses menores asociados con las fuerzas naturales, fueron adorados en forma de zemís, figuras escultóricas que representaban dioses o ... Zemi, front view, ca. 1510-15.Archivo Fotografico del Museo Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini,” Rome, Italy. Photograph by Lorenzo Demasi. Zemi figures were common in the Caribbean in the pre-Hispanic period and continued to be used during the first decades after the arrival of the Europeans. They were associated with the sacred, and ...A Taino Stone Celt. $750. Feb 29, 2024 Taino Head Zemi With Powerful Facial Features. $100. Feb 24, 2024 Stone Taino Seated Figure. $100. Pre-Columbian, Hispaniola, Greater Antilles Islands, Taino / Arawak Indians, ca. 1000 to 1500 CE. Carved from a rich, dark stone, a very expressive Zemi {ellipsis}Zemis also seemed to exert some control over the forces of nature. Little evidence remains of the spiritual crisis that the Spaniards’ widespread destruction of zemis must have precipitated, as it was overshadowed by the deaths brought about by imported European diseases and forced labor. Few Taíno survived the terrible plagues of the early ...The Taíno were a historic indigenous people of the Caribbean, whose culture has been continued today by Taíno descendant communities and Taíno revivalist communities. At the ti

For those who are unfamiliar with the term “Taino,” it refers to “the Arawakan-speaking peoples of the Caribbean who arrived from South America over the course of 4,000 years,” according to an article in National Geographic. ... Perhaps the best-known artifacts are Zemis, faces of humans and animals that are thought to represent spirits

Taino, Arawakan-speaking people who at the time of Columbus’s exploration inhabited what are now Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Once the most numerous indigenous people of the Caribbean, the Taino may have numbered one or two million at the time of the Spanish conquest. zemis were kept on tables at their owners’ home. To the Tainos, the zemis controlled various functions of the universe. There were three primary religious practices: the religious worship of the zemis themselves, the services performed by medicine men seeking advice and healing procedures from the zemis. Religious agricultural feasts were offered Tainos vitu vya Kidini vinaitwa Zemis. A zemí (pia zemi, zeme au cemi) ni muda wa pamoja katika utamaduni wa Caribbean Taíno (Arawak) kwa "kitu takatifu", ishara ya roho au ufanisi wa kibinafsi. Taíno walikuwa watu walikutana na Christopher Columbus wakati alipokuwa akianza kuvuka kisiwa cha Hispaniola huko West Indies.. Kwa Taíno, zemí alikuwa / ni …May 17, 2023 - Taino Sun and Moon Illustrator: Angel Ortiz This is my interpretation of the spirits of the sun and the spirit of moon, from the indigenous culture from the Caribbean islands called Tainos. These beings where also known as Zemi or Cemi in Taino Culture. These interpretation that I made whereTaino people had as many as three million inhabitants on the island of Hispaniola alone by the late 15th century. They also had many smaller towns on other Caribbean islands. ... Their religion involved icons called cemis or zemis, which represented ancestral spirits or deities. These spirits lived inside the statutes, according to their beliefs.Gallery. Conch shell internal part, named columela, with spires attached which were used as scrappers. As scrapper they were used for…. The central inner part of gasteropods like Strombus giga was used to make tools like points. Here is the end…. Silex stones were broken into massive chunks which were then shaped into prismatic cores from ...Size: 6.125" L x 4.5" W x 6.375" H (15.6 cm x 11.4 cm x 16.2 cm) Taino art is comprised of many cult objects associated with the worship of "zemis". The term zemi refers to deities, ancestors, or earth spirits. The Zemi (or Cemi) head, with its characteristic three cardinal points, is a fundamental symbol in the Taino religion.Zemis are idols that the people worshipped as eternal gods. There are two, Iocauna and Guamaonocon. They were important because they united these people together at the worships and gatherings. Pane says the Taino told him that men left the caves “without their women.” How did women come to populate the earth?From the series: Travel Legends and Myths The Zemi gods of the Taíno cultureMore about Taino and Zemi gods: https://amzn.to/3jEj6iaAdventurous Spirit Univers...

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3 Taíno Influence of Jamaican Folk Traditions Lesley-Gail Atkinson May 2010 The Taíno were a historic indigenous people of the Caribbean, whose culture has been continued today by Taíno descendant communities and Taíno revivalist communities. At the tiZemí (or cemí) is a term used by Taíno peoples, the diverse societies that inhabited the Antilles archipelago before European contact, that linguistically relates to a quality akin to sweetness. Zemí refers not to an object or image but to an immaterial, spiritual, and vital force pertaining to deities and ancestors.Apr 7, 2024 ... ... Taino God of the Dead NOTE: I have no knowledge of the current Taino practices ... Episode 6 Part 7.1 The Tainos Hid Their Zemis or Ancestral ...Taíno creation myths are symbolic narratives about the origins of life, the Earth, and the universe, intrinsically shaped from the nature of the tropical islands the Taíno inhabited. The Taíno people were the predominant indigenous people of the Caribbean and were the ones who encountered the explorer Christopher Columbus and his men in 1492.Duho. Duho or seat made from a single piece of wood, representing an anthropomorphic figure with sculptured head and engraved geometric designs on the back, used for the cohoba ritual. The Duho was also used by the cacique while watching the ball game played by the Tainos. The head represented the deification of the dog called….Zemi, front view, ca. 1510-15.Archivo Fotografico del Museo Preistorico Etnografico “Luigi Pigorini,” Rome, Italy. Photograph by Lorenzo Demasi. Zemi figures were common in the Caribbean in the pre-Hispanic period and continued to be used during the first decades after the arrival of the Europeans. They were associated with the sacred, and ... Taino Indian Culture. Taíno Indians, a subgroup of the Arawakan Indians (a group of American Indians in northeastern South America), inhabited the Greater Antilles (comprising Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola [Haiti and the Dominican Republic], and Puerto Rico) in the Caribbean Sea at the time when Christopher Columbus' arrived to the New World. This is Spiritual Studies session 64. This session begins by providing some historical context for who the Taino are for those that are unfamiliar. I will sa...Infinity of Nations: Art and History in the Collections of the National Museum of the American Indian is a spectacular, permanent exhibition of some 700 works of Native art from throughout North, Central, and South America.However, they are also part of a broader group of objects known as zemis or cemis, which refer to ancestral spirits and the earthly containers for those spirits. Because this head was the container for the presence of a known ancient and powerful ancestor, it was not necessary for the sculpture to be portraitlike. Most are quite generalized ... ….

Taino Bat Zemi - Timothy S. Y. Lam Museum of Anthropology. The Taino are indigenous people of the Caribbean and the first Native group to encounter Columbus. For the Taino, the term zemi can refer to a deity or ancestral spirit as well as the object or sculpture containing the spirit. Creative sculptural expression for the Taíno peoples was intertwined with spirituality, ceremony, and political power. Spanish accounts describe how zemí figures were used as stands, reliquaries, or personal adornment. Taino farmers would bury zemis of Yocahu in their fields in order to bless their cassava crop. Guabancex and Other Taino Deities. Guabancex was the Taino goddess of storms, volcanoes, earthquakes ...Apr 7, 2024 ... ... Taino God of the Dead NOTE: I have no knowledge of the current Taino practices ... Episode 6 Part 7.1 The Tainos Hid Their Zemis or Ancestral ...Arawak, American Indians of the Greater Antilles and South America. The Taino, an Arawak subgroup, were the first native peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus on Hispaniola. The island Arawak were virtually wiped out by the combination of Old World diseases and Spanish violence and oppression. The Taino believed in numerous deities and the afterlife and maintaining contact with the spirit world through possession of artefacts known as zemis and ritual cohoba ceremonies. As they left no written records and their language is extinct, knowledge of Taino culture in Jamaica is confined to knowledge of their settlements, artisan skills ... Zemis are idols that the people worshipped as eternal gods. There are two, Iocauna and Guamaonocon. They were important because they united these people together at the worships and gatherings. Pane says the Taino told him that men left the caves “without their women.” How did women come to populate the earth?Museo de America, Madrid Tainos CemisSize: 6.125" L x 4.5" W x 6.375" H (15.6 cm x 11.4 cm x 16.2 cm) Taino art is comprised of many cult objects associated with the worship of "zemis". The term zemi refers to deities, ancestors, or earth spirits. The Zemi (or Cemi) head, with its characteristic three cardinal points, is a fundamental symbol in the Taino religion. zemis were kept on tables at their owners’ home. To the Tainos, the zemis controlled various functions of the universe. There were three primary religious practices: the religious worship of the zemis themselves, the services performed by medicine men seeking advice and healing procedures from the zemis. Religious agricultural feasts were offered Taino zemis, Life’s tough right now if you’re missing the gym, and we’re all finding creative workarounds to deal with it. Just among my friends and the folks I follow on Insta, I’ve seen peopl..., Within the Taíno worldview, there existed two types of souls: goeíza, the soul of the living and opía, the soul of the dead.Their world was filled with spirits, both good and evil, and it is here we find parallels with Afro-Jamaican folk beliefs., Zemi figures, believed to represent dead ancestors, were common in the Caribbean in the pre-Hispanic period. They continued to be used during the first decades after the arrival of the Europeans. However, Spaniards in the New World often destroyed zemis, since they saw zemi-worship as impeding native Taíno conversion to Catholicism., Walker, Jeffery B. "Stone Collars, Elbow Stones, and Three-Pointers, and the Nature of Taino Ritual and Myth." PhD diss., Washington State University, 1993. Oliver, José R. Caciques and Cemí Idols: The Web Spun by Taíno Rulers Between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, ca. 2009. Doyle, James., THE IMPACT OF GEOMORPHOLOGY ON TAINO UTILIZATION OF CEREMONIAL SITES Katharine Schwantes, B.S. University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, 2011 The Classic Taíno culture was spread across Puerto Rico and Hispaniola. Their shamanistic religious beliefs included spirits and gods, referred to as zemís, which were tied into the landscape., The Taino of the Caribbean islands centered their religion on the worship of zemis, or deities. Shamans (behiques) served as intermediaries between supernatural and natural worlds. They communicated with deities by inhaling cohoba powder, a hallucinogen that was mixed with tobacco to maximize its effect. Carved spoons were used to ladle the ..., The Taino didn’t have a written language, but they did have an elaborate culture. They grew crops including beans, yuca, maize, sweet potatoes, and more. They knew how to extract cyanide from the yucca plant, and even made pepper gas to use during the war. Tainos utilized natural medicine to treat their people., Lesser deities govern natural forces and are also zemis. Boinayel, the Rain Giver, is one such zemi, whose magical tears become rainfall. Spirits of ancestors, also zemis, were highly honored, particularly those of caciques or chiefs. Bones or skulls might be incorporated into sculptural zemis or reliquary urns. Ancestral remains would be ..., Zemis eram uma parte importante da cultura Taino do Caribe, com evidências arqueológicas apoiando seu uso por pelo menos 2.000 anos. Cardápio. Casa. ciência, tecnologia, matemática Ciência Matemática Ciências Sociais Ciência da Computação Animais e Natureza, Taxable benefit will be based on the startup's fair market value, and where unavailable, it'll be determined based on financial statements. Kenya is proposing a special tax regime ..., Extract. Three carved wooden images have come to light in Jamaica, the most important find of Taíno carvings for two centuries from that island. Their discovery prompts a reconsideration of Taíno zemís, and their placing into the known context of the Caribbean region, with its South American links. Type. Papers., Taino farmers would bury zemis of Yocahu in their fields in order to bless their cassava crop. Guabancex and Other Taino Deities. Guabancex was the Taino goddess of storms, volcanoes, earthquakes ..., Leaving fruit out overnight could definitely have some rotten outcomes. Learn why people think watermelons can turn into vampires at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement When Jennifer Grey..., For those living outside the U.S. please be aware the cost of shipping is exorbitant, usually around $45.00-$46.00 dollars. Book. “Taino Zemis and Other Heads of State, Rediscovering Caribbean Art”, is a 300 page study of Taino art history featuring over 500 previously unpublished images. The book explores new concepts of spiritual, natural …, Arawak, American Indians of the Greater Antilles and South America. The Taino, an Arawak subgroup, were the first native peoples encountered by Christopher Columbus on Hispaniola. The island Arawak were virtually wiped out by the combination of Old World diseases and Spanish violence and oppression., Jan 2, 2015 · Tainos of Jamaica: the Aboukir zemis, Jamaica Journal 25 (2): 11 ... Probable tree identities of Taino sculptures. Letter to Dorrick Gray, JNHT, 22 June 1994 ... , Obiectele religioase Tainos numite Zemis. O țară (de asemenea, țară, zeme sau cemi) este un termen colectiv în cultura Taíno (Arawak) din Caraibe pentru "lucru sacru", un simbol al spiritului sau o efigie personală. Taíno au fost oamenii întâlniți de Christopher Columbus când a pus primul picior pe insula Hispaniola în Indiile de Vest. ..., 900 C.E. was a time of change in Mesoamerica. In the Maya region, people were in the process of adapting to new cultural circumstances following the collapse of many Classic-period cities (such as Palenque or Yaxchilán). Powerful new centers like Chichén Itzá and Mayapan were emerging., Religion. The Arawak/Taíno were polytheists and their gods were called Zemi. The zemi controlled various functions of the universe, very much like Greek gods did, or like later Haitian Voodoo lwa. However, they do not seem to have had particular personalities like the Greek and Haitian gods/spirits do. There were three primary religious ..., This simply written, amply illustrated bilingual book about Classic Taíno ceremonies, myths, rituals, and zemís (spirit guides) is for today's Taíno descendants and those of the future, as well as for anyone with a thirst to know more about the Indigenous people who discovered Christopher Columbus and his men when the Europeans landed …, The Taíno believed that zemis, gods of both sexes, represented by both human and animal forms, provided protection., Zemi: [noun] a Naga people found chiefly in the Barail area of the Assam-Burma frontier region. , Who are the major zemis of the Taino religion? Spirituality. Taíno spirituality centered on the worship of zemís. A zemí is a spirit or ancestor. The major Taíno zemis are Atabey and her son, Yúcahu. Atabey, was the zemi of the moon, fresh waters, and fertility. Other names for her include, Guabancex, Atabei, Atabeyra, Atabex, and Guimazoa., Creative sculptural expression for the Taíno peoples was intertwined with spirituality, ceremony, and political power. Spanish accounts describe how zemí figures were used as stands, reliquaries, or personal adornment. , Central to this ritual was the role of wooden ‘idols’,zemis, which the Taino appeared to worship, and which the Spanish regarded as evidence of pagan idolatry (Columbus [19691: 154). Wooden image-zemis have been found throughout the Greater Antilles, notably in the Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Cuba (Fewkes 1907: 197-202; Loven 1935: 598-602)., The zemis, a god of both sexes, were represented by icons in the form of human and animal figures, and collars made of wood, stone, bones, and human remains. ... Many Taino words persist in the Puerto Rican vocabulary of today. Names of plants, trees and fruits includes: maní, leren, ají, yuca, mamey, pajuil, pitajaya, cupey, tabonuco and ..., Zemis and religion The Taínos worshiped two main gods, Yúcahu, the lord of cassava and the sea, and Attabeira, his mother and the goddess of fresh water and human fertility. Yúcahu and Attabeira, as well as other lesser gods associated with natural forces, were worshiped in the form of zemís , sculptural figures that depicted either gods or ..., zemis were kept on tables at their owners’ home. To the Tainos, the zemis controlled various functions of the universe. There were three primary religious practices: the religious worship of the zemis themselves, the services performed by medicine men seeking advice and healing procedures from the zemis. Religious agricultural feasts were offered, Museo de America, Madrid Tainos Cemis, Zemi Cemi Stone, Zemis - Ritual Object of the Taino PeopleBefore the Spanish set foot on the islands of the Caribbean, the indigenous people of Boriken (Land..., Gallery. Conch shell internal part, named columela, with spires attached which were used as scrappers. As scrapper they were used for…. The central inner part of gasteropods like Strombus giga was used to make tools like points. Here is the end…. Silex stones were broken into massive chunks which were then shaped into prismatic cores from ..., Zemis y religión Los taínos adoraban a dos dioses principales, Yúcahu , el señor de la yuca y el mar, y Atabey , su madre y diosa del agua dulce y la fertilidad humana. Yúcahu y Atabey , así como otros dioses menores asociados con las fuerzas naturales, fueron adorados en forma de zemís, figuras escultóricas que representaban dioses o ... , The Taino worshipped zemis and caciques. Zemis refers to small, usually stone, objects that were believed to possess spiritual power and were worshipped as deities. These zemis were often associated with natural elements like water, earth, and fertility. Caciques, on the other hand, were the political and religious leaders of the Taino society.