Nad83 vs wgs84

WGS84 isn't more accurate that NAD83. It just happens to be valid all over the earth, as compared to NAD83, which is valid only in North America. – Devdatta Tengshe. Jan 11, 2013 at 5:08. Agree with @Devdatta. WGS84 is universal compared to the other one, which is better suited for local applications. NAD83 would be more accurate …

If you’re trying to work in the NAD83-based coordinate system using ReachView 3, your base coordinate should be in NAD83 as well. This means that if your base sends the position in WGS84, your rover’s coordinates are not going to be accurate. Ok so if working in NAD83, i need a NAD83 base.WGS84 vs NAD83. Skillnaden mellan WGS84 och NAD83 är att remissellipsoiden. Det nordamerikanska datumet använder den geodetiska koordinaten (GRS80), används av den nordamerikanska datumellipsoiden, medan WGS84 har använts av planeten Geodetic System från 1984 (WGS84). Måtten på dessa ellipsoider skiljer sig åt.NAD83(CSRS) represents a dynamic 3D realization of NAD83(Original). ... (ITRF) and the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) Since 1990, the most accurate and stable reference frames available are the successive versions of the ITRF produced by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS). The ITRF is a …Why did NGS change from NAD 27 to NAD 83? ... This paper contains a similarity transformation between WGS84 (730) and ITRF92. If one accounts for plate motion, the parameters are: dx -0.9 cm: dy : 0.8 cm: dz -2.3 cm: Rx -3.6 mas: Ry : 0.6 mas: Rz : 3.1 mas: scale -7.7 ppBillion: That paper has further references that address the formulation …"We do not want a military conflict with the United States, but if it were to come we have to accept it." After Chinese state media warned that war with the United States may be “i...Web Mercator, Google Web Mercator, Spherical Mercator, WGS 84 Web Mercator [1] or WGS 84/Pseudo-Mercator is a variant of the Mercator map projection and is the de facto standard for Web mapping applications. It rose to prominence when Google Maps adopted it in 2005. [2] It is used by virtually all major online map providers, including Google ...

Skip to main content. Toggle navigation NGS Home. About NGS . What We Do; Mission and Strategic Plan; NGS LeadershipNADCON can transform between any datums as long as a valid grid pair (*.las and *.los) is present. American Samoa and Guam have been added to the available grids. Users can also add their own grids to NADCON as necessary. NADCON is the Federal standard for NAD 27 to NAD 83 datum transformations. Download the NADCON program and Data …NADCON can transform between any datums as long as a valid grid pair (*.las and *.los) is present. American Samoa and Guam have been added to the available grids. Users can also add their own grids to NADCON as necessary. NADCON is the Federal standard for NAD 27 to NAD 83 datum transformations. Download the NADCON program and Data Grids for PC ...There are no GCPs here. The geotags are in the WGS84 reference frame, nothing fancy. I would really like to be able to export the products as ...bound, etc.). The NAD 83 re f e r ence sys-tem, however, does make special accom-modations for certain U.S. regions that are located completely on another plate. In Hawaii, for example, NAD 83 positional coordinates are defined as if the Pacific plate is not moving. This approach is con-venient for people who are involved withNAD83 is a static datum, meaning that coordinates are fixed. However, because earth’s tectonic plates are constantly moving, changing location values render these fixed coordinates inaccurate. Advancements in technology have also highlighted the inaccuracies of NAD83 and NAVD88. For example, space-based technologies and 3D positioning ...WGS84 frames are specifically named NAD83 (CORS96) and WGS84 (G1150). Thus, when the receiver tell us that the computed coordinates using GPS observations are referred to the WGS84, they actually mean WGS84(G1150). On the other hand, if we use CORS coordinates data, or the OPUS service, the NAD83 reference frame to which theseWGS84 isn't more accurate that NAD83. It just happens to be valid all over the earth, as compared to NAD83, which is valid only in North America. – Devdatta Tengshe. Jan 11, 2013 at 5:08. Agree with @Devdatta. WGS84 is universal compared to the other one, which is better suited for local applications. NAD83 would be more accurate …

The World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) is identical to NAD83 for most practical purposes within the United States. WGS84 is the default datum setting for almost all GPS devices. But most USGS topographic maps published through 2006 use NAD27. This conflict in datums can cause big problems for the uninformed GPS user.NAD 83 is based on the Geodetic Reference System of 1980, which is a more modern and accurate system compared to the Ellipsoid used in NAD 27. 3. What was the survey point used for NAD 27? NAD 27 was computed with a single survey point, known as MEADES RANCH, located in Kansas. This point served as the datum point for the …For general mapping purposes, WGS84 and NAD83 can be considered equivalent. For example, data collected in WGS84 can be treated as NAD83, unless you are trying to map locations more accurately than about 1 meter. 4. Projections and coordinate systems used in CaliforniaNAD27 vs. NAD83. NAD27 is based on the Clarke Ellipsoid of 1866, whereas NAD83 is based on the GRS 80 ellipsoid. The Clarke Ellipsoid is much less accurate. A point with a given latitude and longitude in NAD27 may be many tens of meters from another point having the identical latitude and longitude in NAD83.What we need to do is apply a two-step transformation that first projects our data (or data frame) into NAD 83 CSRS and from there we can transform it to WGS 84 (NAD_1983_CSRS_To_WGS_1984_2 transformation method). Transforming between NAD 83 Original and NAD 83 CSRS is an NTv2 (National Transformation version 2) grid …

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NAD83; up to 2 meters for WGS84 vs. NAD83 8/31/2021 2-14 Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin NAD27, NAD83 & WGS 84 Coordinates Datum Latitude Longitude NAD27 30.283678 -97.732654 NAD83 30.283658 -97.732548 WGS84 30.283658 -97.732548 …We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.NAD83 has evolved from a traditional, ground-based horizontal control network to a space-based 3D realization fully supporting modern GPS techniques and the integration of both …The Insider Trading Activity of McVey Richard M on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks

One Answer: active answers oldest answers newest answers popular answers. 2. OpenStreetMap data is stored is stored and distributed with unprojected WGS84 coordinates EPSG:4326. Typical maps displayed on the web use googles web mercator EPSG:3857, the maps displayed on openstreetmap.org are no exception to that (see …Apr 6, 2018 · The majority of the county layers were in WGS84 and automatically loaded into the correct extent/location, but some (such as King County) were in NAD83 (ESPG: 4269) is placed over West Africa in the OSM map. What do I need to do to get this King County layer to load in the correct place on OpenLayers map? The GPS data is post-processed with Trimble Pathfinder office and exported as shapefiles into the local state plane coordinate system. The shapefiles are then imported into our SDE which is in WGS84 using the WGS_1984_ (ITRF00)_To_NAD_1983 Datum transformation. When comparing data exported from PostGIS to the data in our SDE they line up fine ...Feb 12, 2009 · Projection basics the GIS professional needs to know. Coordinate systems , also known as map projections , are arbitrary designations for spatial data. Their purpose is to provide a common basis for communication about a particular place or area on the earth's surface. The most critical issue in dealing with coordinate systems is knowing what ... Amazon's plan to buy prescription-management service PillPack is a bitter pill for companies like CVS Health and Walgreens. Amazon’s plan to push deeper into healthcare by acquirin...In this article, we will build a custom SoQL transformation expression that will reproject our CSV containing x and y coordinates in the NAD83 projection (used primarily in the pacific northwest) into WGS84. Adding Data and Launching Transformation. Start by adding your data file to the ingress revision using the “Add Data” button.The 1980 Geodetic Reference System (GRS 80) posited a 6 m semi-major axis and a 298.257222101 flattening. This system was adopted at the XVII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics ( IUGG) in Canberra, Australia, 1979. The GRS 80 reference system was originally used by the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS …The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is replacing the two national datums used in the United States--the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83), the geometric datum used mainly for horizontal positions, and the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88), the vertical datum used for determining orthometric heights (elevations)--by 2022. The World Geodetic System ( WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS. The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM).

United States: WGS 84 (see above); domestic use is mainly based on NAD 83 instead. China: CTRF 2000 per above. The GPS reference epoch was moved from 2000.0 to 2001.0 in G1150 due to an Alaskan earthquake in November 2002. Still in 2022 ITRF2020 was released, yet GPS is only using G2139 in its antennas, which was aligned to ITRF2014 ...

WGS84 (Svjetski geodetski sustav 1984.) i NAD83 (Sjevernoamerički datum 1983.) oba su geodetski koordinatni sustavi koji se koriste za definiranje položaja na Zemljinoj površini. WGS84 je globalni koordinatni sustav koji se široko koristi u GPS-u i satelitskoj navigaciji. NAD83 je regionalni koordinatni sustav koji se koristi u Sjevernoj …For applications with an accuracy of better than 1m, replaced by NAD83(HARN) / Conus Albers (CRS code 5071). Data analysis and small scale data presentation for contiguous lower 48 states. powered by MapTiler. Search Map Transform API Pricing About. L. Search Map ... WGS84 bounds:-172.54 23.81The current WGS84 realization is called WGS84(G1150). NAD83 – WHICH NAD83? Well, the same story applies to the NAD83 datum ex cept that the purpose is slightly different: …Many mompreneurs want to start a business that provides flexibility, and that can be done from home, here are 14 best business ideas. Starting a Business | Tip List WRITTEN BY: Bla...NADCON can transform between any datums as long as a valid grid pair (*.las and *.los) is present. American Samoa and Guam have been added to the available grids. Users can also add their own grids to NADCON as necessary. NADCON is the Federal standard for NAD 27 to NAD 83 datum transformations. Download the NADCON program and Data Grids for PC ...Antifungal creams and medicines are used to treat fungal infections of the skin, scalp and nails. The length of treatment depends on what type of infection you have, and how severe... NAD83; up to 2 meters for WGS84 vs. NAD83 8/31/2021 2-14 Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin NAD27, NAD83 & WGS 84 Coordinates Datum Latitude Longitude NAD27 30.283678 -97.732654 NAD83 30.283658 -97.732548 WGS84 30.283658 -97.732548 8/31/2021 2-15 (Bellingham, WA) WGS84とNAD83の違いは、参照楕円体です。. 北米測地系は測地座標（GRS80）を使用し、WGS84は1984年の惑星測地システム（WGS84）によって使用されています。. これらの楕円体の測定値は異なります。. WGS-84は、飛行ビジネスに地球の標準的な整理参照構造を提供し ...

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For privacy-obsessed users, the option to delete messages offers peace of mind, but also raises ethical questions. Remember that time you accidentally sent your mom a text meant fo...Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83). Horizontal coordinate information for historical data collected and stored as North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27) has been converted to NAD 83 for this publication. Conversion between NAD 83 and the commonly used NAD 27 varies spatially, and the ...The Insider Trading Activity of Reinhart Harald on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksWe may be compensated when you click on product links, such as credit cards, from one or more of our advertising partners. Terms apply to the offers below. See our Advertiser Discl...Jul 15, 2022 ... Hi! I have a database with GPS coordinates in NAD83(CSRS) format. It's for a google map app I want to convert it to WGS84 (latitude, ...The survey benchmark monuments that I am using publish elevations as NAVD88 (geoid 18) or Ortho-elevation. Is it correct that the RS2 units when set up on monument as a base require elevation to be the ellipsoidal elevation. If so does anyone know how to convert the Ortho-elevation (NAVD88) to the ellipsoid elevation (NAD83) or …Apr 14, 2017 · GRS80 is an ellipsoid/spheroid, not a true geodetic datum / geographic coordinate system. If that's all that is listed (particularly for GRIDs or coverages), the software will create a "GRS80-based" geographic coordinate system. Because it's not a true GCS, we have no transformations to or from GRS80. Aug 17, 2023 · KML Import&Export, Carlson Survey, NAD83 vs WGS84. Posted by toeknee on August 16, 2023 at 5:09 pm. After a few experiments, it appears that Carlson Survey (I’m using 2023) exports KML/KMZ files from my drawings with NAD83 lat/lon coordinates, and this because I work in NAD83-based state plane coordinates. My drawing and coordinate files in ... May 2, 2023 · Conclusion. In conclusion, WGS84 and NAD83 are two geodetic reference systems that are used for mapping and navigation. WGS 84 is a global reference system based on a mathematical model of the earth's shape, whereas NAD 83 is a North American geodetic reference system based on a network of survey markers. The primary difference between the two ... WGS84 isn't more accurate that NAD83. It just happens to be valid all over the earth, as compared to NAD83, which is valid only in North America. – Devdatta Tengshe. Jan 11, 2013 at 5:08. Agree with @Devdatta. WGS84 is universal compared to the other one, which is better suited for local applications. NAD83 would be more accurate …WGS84とNAD83の違いは、参照楕円体です。. 北米測地系は測地座標（GRS80）を使用し、WGS84は1984年の惑星測地システム（WGS84）によって使用されています。. これらの楕円体の測定値は異なります。. WGS-84は、飛行ビジネスに地球の標準的な整理参照構造を提供し ...As NAD83 has aged, there has been constant improvement in geodesy. When NAD83 was created, it was intended to be geocentric. It is known that the center of the reference ellipsoid of NAD83, GRS80, is about 2.24 meters from the true geocenter. However, there is a reference system that is geocentric. ... WGS84 and NAD83 ... ….

The Canadian Geodetic Survey (CGS) is releasing a new version of NAD83 (CSRS) that is based on a transformation from ITRF2014. This new version improves the accuracy of NAD83 (CSRS) and maintains its relationship with ITRF. The transformation was derived from the procedure agreed upon with the U.S. National Geodetic Survey by adding the ...KML Import&Export, Carlson Survey, NAD83 vs WGS84. Posted by toeknee on August 16, 2023 at 5:09 pm. After a few experiments, it appears that Carlson Survey (I’m using 2023) exports KML/KMZ files from my drawings with NAD83 lat/lon coordinates, and this because I work in NAD83-based state plane coordinates. My drawing and coordinate …WGS84. NAD83. Definice. WGS84 z roku 1984 je datum, které zahrnuje uspořádání, která se mění s časem. NAD83 z roku 1983 je sudý a kontrolní údaj pro Spojené státy, Střední Ameriku, Mexiko a Kanadu NAD83 byl dodán v roce 1986. Zkratka. Zkratka pro WGS84 je The World Geodetic System. Zkratka pro NAD83 je North …Are you a Bad Elf Flex user switching between standard and extreme mode? If so, you’re probably collecting coordinates in differing datums and need a way to...In addition to Devdatta's answer - that its valid all over the world - there are some other considerations about WGS84: Its the "native format" for GPS. Its defined in a way that terrain can move underneath it for such things as tectonic movement measurements (of course, that is a disadvantage too, if you were hoping that your terrain does not ...UTM Zone 11 North or South? If it is South, it makes sense to use WGS84. North, I would use NAD83 over WGS84, but for most mapping applications it doesn't matter. There are lots of articles on the differences between the datums. Very simply, use NAD83 if all your data is in North America. Use WGS84 if your data is global. Easily convert NAD83 to WGS84 with High Speed. Convert from NAD83 to WGS84 is real fast and easy. To get NAD83 to WGS84, input coordinates in NAD83 format into the fields, then click the Convert button. Your NAD83 coordinates turn into WGS84 less than a minute. Nad83 vs wgs84, Why did NGS change from NAD 27 to NAD 83? ... This paper contains a similarity transformation between WGS84 (730) and ITRF92. If one accounts for plate motion, the parameters are: dx -0.9 cm: dy : 0.8 cm: dz -2.3 cm: Rx -3.6 mas: Ry : 0.6 mas: Rz : 3.1 mas: scale -7.7 ppBillion: That paper has further references that address the formulation …, Skip to main content. Toggle navigation NGS Home. About NGS . What We Do; Mission and Strategic Plan; NGS Leadership, Skip to main content. Toggle navigation NGS Home. About NGS . What We Do; Mission and Strategic Plan; NGS Leadership, , The Insider Trading Activity of McVey Richard M on Markets Insider. Indices Commodities Currencies Stocks, Should you transfer or roll over your retirement accounts? See more about transferring your retirement accounts at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement There were rumors of layoffs at your..., WGS84 frames are specifically named NAD83 (CORS96) and WGS84 (G1150). Thus, when the receiver tell us that the computed coordinates using GPS observations are referred to the WGS84, they actually mean WGS84(G1150). On the other hand, if we use CORS coordinates data, or the OPUS service, the NAD83 reference frame to which these, Jun 23, 2021 · The WGS84 datum and the NAD83 datum started out as practically interchangeable. However, because WGS84 and NAD83 are adjusted to different areas of the earth’s surface (NAD83 focuses on the North American area, while WGS84 focuses on the entire world), they have drifted apart over time like a celebrity marriage. , WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) is a global reference system, whereas NAD83 (North American Datum 1983) is a regional one specific to North America. NAD83 primarily serves the United States, Canada, and Mexico, while WGS84 is utilized internationally for navigation, mapping, and other geospatial applications., Aug 17, 2023 · KML Import&Export, Carlson Survey, NAD83 vs WGS84. Posted by toeknee on August 16, 2023 at 5:09 pm. After a few experiments, it appears that Carlson Survey (I’m using 2023) exports KML/KMZ files from my drawings with NAD83 lat/lon coordinates, and this because I work in NAD83-based state plane coordinates. My drawing and coordinate files in ... , I am a bit of a novice gis user, and my geographic understanding is fairly basic. I Understand that WGS84 and NAD83 are two different datums, and that typically UTM Coordinates are based on the WGS datum. However I am working on a project that requires us to report the coordinates of many different sites in UTM coordinates on the NAD83 datum., WGS84 and NAD83 are not, themselves projections, but coordinate systems differing by the datum (or 'representations of the spheroidal earth, defined mathematically') that they use. Imagine two points which have almost no horizontally spacing, but one very high up in the air and one close to the ground., NAD83; up to 2 meters for WGS84 vs. NAD83 9/1/2020 2-14 Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin NAD27, NAD83 & WGS 84 Coordinates Datum Latitude Longitude NAD27 30.283678 -97.732654 NAD83 30.283658 -97.732548 WGS84 30.283658 -97.732548 9/1/2020 2-15 (Bellingham, WA), bound, etc.). The NAD 83 re f e r ence sys-tem, however, does make special accom-modations for certain U.S. regions that are located completely on another plate. In Hawaii, for example, NAD 83 positional coordinates are defined as if the Pacific plate is not moving. This approach is con-venient for people who are involved with, As a Concierge, I often encounter questions about georeferencing systems such as WGS84 and NAD83. These systems play a crucial role in mapping, exploration, and geographic information systems (GIS). Understanding the differences between WGS84 and NAD83 is important to ensure accurate positioning and coordinate referencing. WGS84, …, The World Geodetic System ( WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS. The current version, WGS 84, defines an Earth-centered, Earth-fixed coordinate system and a geodetic datum, and also describes the associated Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) and World Magnetic Model (WMM). , Geodetic CRS: NAD83. Datum: North American Datum 1983. Ellipsoid: GRS 1980. Prime meridian: Greenwich. Data source: EPSG. Revision date: 2019-09-17. Scope: Geodesy. Remarks: Longitude is POSITIVE EAST. The adjustment included connections to Greenland and Mexico but the system was not adopted there., That’s why the U.S. National Geodetic Survey is now modernizing its National Spatial Reference System (NSRS). They will replace NAD83 as their national geometric reference system with the North American Terrestrial Reference Frame of 2022 (NATRF2022). This update was originally planned for 2022 but has been delayed until …, Nov 28, 2018 · WGS84 and NAD83 are not, themselves projections, but coordinate systems differing by the datum (or 'representations of the spheroidal earth, defined mathematically') that they use. Imagine two points which have almost no horizontally spacing, but one very high up in the air and one close to the ground. , Datum is an older term. The concept of a datum is included within a geographic coordinate system. A geographic transformation is always defined in a particular direction, like from NAD 1927 to WGS 1984. Transformation names will reflect this: NAD_1927_To_WGS_1984_1. The name may also include a trailing number, as the above example has _1., GRS80 / WGS84 (NAD83) Airy 1858 Airy Modified Australian National Bessel 1841 Clark 1880 Everest 1830 Everest Modified Fisher 1960 ... WGS 72 User defined. Please note that the GRS80 and WGS84 are considered to be the same. Actually, there is a very small difference in the flattening which results in the semi-minor axis, b, being different by 0 ..., An example compares the WGS84 location of the Texas state capitol dome to 13 other datums Largest (<200m) U.S. shifts typically from misapplying NAD27 to NAD83 data or vice-versa Shifts of <2 meter common for different realizations of NAD83; up to 2 meters for WGS84 vs. NAD83 8/31/2021 2-14 , The primary distinction between these systems lies in the ellipsoid they use. NAD83 employs the Geodetic Reference System 80 (GRS80) ellipsoid, while WGS84 utilizes the WGS 84 ellipsoid. Although the dimensions of these ellipsoids differ slightly, they play a crucial role in accurately determining positions and coordinates on the Earth’s surface., WGS84 (World Geodetic System 1984) un NAD83 (North American Datum 1983) ir abas ģeodēzisko koordinātu sistēmas, ko izmanto, lai noteiktu pozīcijas uz Zemes virsmas. WGS84 ir globāla koordinātu sistēma, ko plaši izmanto GPS un satelītu navigācijā. NAD83 ir reģionālā koordinātu sistēma, ko Ziemeļamerikā izmanto uzmērīšanas un kartēšanas nolūkos., between NAD83 and the various ITRFs for use with the new realizations of WGS84, the bias between NAD83 and WGS84 was never acknowledged by the agency maintaining WGS84. Consequently, the vast majority of GPS receiver manufactures continue to treat NAD83 as being identical with the new realizations of WGS84 which results in position , NAD83; up to 2 meters for WGS84 vs. NAD83 9/5/2017 2-14 Geo327G/386G: GIS & GPS Applications in Earth Sciences Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin NAD27, NAD83 & WGS 84 Coordinates Datum Latitude Longitude NAD27 30.283678 -97.732654 NAD83 30.283658 -97.732548 WGS84 30.283658 -97.732548 9/5/2017 2-15 (Bellingham, WA), Google Maps uses the WGS 84 datum, which stands for World Geodetic System 1984. WGS 84 is the latest geodetic datum and is widely used by the Global Positioning System (GPS) and other satellite navigation systems worldwide. It was developed by the US Department of Defense and is maintained by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency., A geographic datum transformation is a calculation used to convert between two geographic coordinate systems to ensure that data is properly aligned within a map. Geographic coordinate systems describe how locations on the earth are placed on a hypothetical reference spheroid. They use angular units, such as degrees, to assign locations to ..., NAD83 shaped ellipsoid centered at the ITRF origin to derive ITRF00 ellipsoid heights. Ellipsoid heights NAD83 vs. ITRF00 - Defined origins are best estimate of the center of mass; NAD83 is not geocentric. Move origin; move ellipsoid surface as indicated by scale shown on map. Ellipsoid height differences reflect the non-geocentricity of NAD83., Are you a Bad Elf Flex user switching between standard and extreme mode? If so, you’re probably collecting coordinates in differing datums and need a way to..., As Andre says, set a custom CRS which will allow something with a CRS of lets say WGS84 be transfromed so it displays correctly on OSGB64. I was just about to post the same link as he has done to show alterations., In their new definitions—NAD83 (2011) and WGS84 (G1762)—differ up to one or two meters within the continental United States. On the other hand, ITRF08, ITRF2014 and WGS84 (G1762) are virtually identical if their epochs (moment in time) are the same. The typical standard epoch for both are WGS84 (G1762) and ITRF08 is 2005.0., Projection basics the GIS professional needs to know. Coordinate systems , also known as map projections , are arbitrary designations for spatial data. Their purpose is to provide a common basis for communication about a particular place or area on the earth's surface. The most critical issue in dealing with coordinate systems is knowing what ...