Leq structure

Oct 9, 2020 ... Long Essay (LEQ) Analysis and Reasoning Pt. ... How to Write a Good Argumentative Essay: Logical Structure ... The Five Paragraph Argumentative ...

Leq structure. Mar 16, 2024 ... Welcome back to writing boot camp! Say it with me: REWRITE YOUR THESIS and also BECAUSE BECAUSE BECAUSE BECAUSE BECAUSE #ap #apeuro #apush ...

LEQ Essay Structure. Term. 1 / 9. Context (CTX): 2 sentences. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 9. Describe the broader historical background (events, developments, or processes) immediately relevant to the prompt using the 4Ws (when, where, who, and what). Click the card to flip 👆.

Question 3 — Long Essay Question. “In the period 1450−1750, oceanic voyages resulted in the Columbian Exchange, which transformed the Eastern and Western Hemispheres. Develop an argument that evaluates how the Columbian Exchange affected peoples in the Americas in this time period.”. Maximum Possible Points: 6.Dec 14, 2021 · Three (1.7/3.0) and four (1.3/2.4). Generating the most evidence possible is a key to maximizing students' LEQ scores. Not only will using two pieces effectively set up a base score of 2-3 on the LEQ, but using more evidence will help a student with contextualization and maybe even complexity. The evidence point is usually the easiest to earn ... Safiya also tackles the LEQ prompt she wrote last year for the AP exam so you can get an idea of a student's perspective when it comes to the LEQ. All Subjects. AP World History: Modern. Exam Skills. Writing the Long-Essay Question. Writing the Long-Essay Question. november 15, 2019.We’ve updated the AP U.S. History document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain unchanged.AP World History: Modern Long Essay Question Strategy. The LEQ may be the most abstract prompt you encounter on the free-response section. It is therefore extra important to use the Kaplan …I've taken the guidelines from the new AP World History course description and created a user-friendly AP World LEQ Rubric for teachers to use while assessing their students' LEQs. Click the icon to DOWNLOAD in PDF format! download pdf. Teachers who subscribe to my Eight Month Writing Clinic can share the instructional videos with their students.LEQ Scoring (updated for September 2017) Categories Points THESIS (1 Point) Responds to the prompt with a historically defensible thesis/claim that establishes a line of reasoning. The thesis must make a claim that ... response must demonstrate the use of historical reasoning to frame or structure an argument, although the reasoning might be ...We’ve updated the AP World History: Modern document-based question (DBQ) and long essay question (LEQ) rubrics for the 2023-24 school year. This change only affects the DBQ and LEQ scoring, with no change to the course or the exam: the exam format, course framework, and skills assessed on the exam all remain unchanged.

First, download the AP World History Cheatsheet PDF - a single sheet that covers everything you need to know at a high level. Take note of your strengths and weaknesses! We've put together the study plan found below to help you study between now and May. This will cover all of the units and essay types to prepare you for your exam.Management structure refers to the organization of the hierarchy of authority, which defines accountability and communication channels within an organization and with its external ...• Explaining how the ideologies’ ability to challenge the political or social order was facilitated by the two world wars • Explaining how major changes of the political or socialor structure an argument that addresses the prompt. OR 2 pts. Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question. To earn the first point, the response must demonstrate the use of historical reasoning toAP World Released DBQs & LEQs by Topic & Year. March 10, 2023 / Shane Twaddell. I created this list for my own quick reference and also provide it to students to …Organizing your essay corresponds to the historical skill being tested is an easy and effective way to structure your essay; apiece paragraph of an essay responding until a prompt about causation could address one cause, for instance. Jot down which evidence you will include in each group paragraph. To verdienend the maximal points since use of ... Step 1: Understand the Prompt. The first step in writing an LEQ is to carefully read and understand the prompt. Pay close attention to the specific historical context, time period, and key terms used in the question. This will help you focus your research and develop a clear thesis statement. causation, CCOT) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. OR 2 pts. Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question. To earn the first point, the response must demonstrate the

We study the extent to which borrowers draw down their credit lines and link usage and LEQ to line-level and firm-level variables. ... (2008) studies the debt structure evolution during the three years prior to default for 291 defaulted firms. They find that revolver drawdowns increase as firms approach default. The average usage rate at ...Feb 1, 2012 · Highlights We examined the factor structure of the Learning Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ). The LEQ was expected to have a multi-dimensional factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the fit of the LEQ data to six different models. Results supported the proposed multi-dimensional structure. Tests of invariance suggested that the LEQ functions similarly for men and women. LEQ? Both the DBQ and LEQ have you respond to a prompt by making a claim (argument) Your task in both the DBQ and LEQ is to make an argument and strengthen that argument using evidence throughout. Both the DBQ and LEQ include points for contextualization, thesis, and complex understanding. Same basic structure (5 paragraph model)LEQ Structure Harty | APWH Introduction Contextualization and Thesis. Contextualization: Set the scene for your LEQ. Think about the Star Wars intro crawl- what is causing this LEQ to occur. Needs to contain at least ONE specific piece of evidence (think vocab term) that isn’t reused in the rest of your essay. From College Board: To earn this point, the …Start with 20 minutes for your outline and 50 for your essay, (or longer, if you need). Then when you can do it in 20 and 50, move back to 18 minutes and 45 for writing, then to 15 and 40. You absolutely can learn to manage your time effectively so that you can write a great DBQ in the time allotted.Nov 15, 2019 · If you struggle with writing/preparing an LEQ or don't understand how to do certain parts, then this stream will definitely help! If you also just wanna practice your LEQ skills, this stream is perfect. Safiya also tackles the LEQ prompt she wrote last year for the AP exam so you can get an idea of a student's perspective when it comes to the LEQ.

Joann fabrics headquarters.

Note: Some questions and scoring guidelines from the 2023 and earlier AP U.S. Government and Politics Exams may not perfectly align with the course and exam updates that take effect in the 2023-24 school year.These questions remain available because teachers say that imperfectly aligned questions still provide instructional value. 2023: …Jun 29, 2023 · What is the ideal length for an LEQ, and how much time should I spend on each section? To achieve an ideal structure, aim for a 5-paragraph essay with an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Spend about 15 minutes planning and organizing, 40 minutes writing, and leave 5 minutes to edit. Of the two free response questions, one is a long essay (worth 15%) and one is a DBQ. This means that the sole DBQ is, by itself, worth 25% of your total grade, making it the single most heavily-weighted question on the APUSH exam.. The APUSH DBQ will consist of a single open-ended prompt.To answer it, you’ll have to create a persuasive argument …Learn how to use structured data to optimize and organize your website and make your customers' lives easier. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your num...

Definition. A \emph {lattice} is a structure L= L,≤ L = L, ≤ that is a partially ordered set in which all elements x,y∈L x, y ∈ L have a. least upper bound: z= x∨y x≤ z z = x ∨ y x ≤ z, y≤z and ∀w (x ≤w y ≤ z and ∀ w ( x ≤ w, y≤w z≤ w) y ≤ w z ≤ w) and a. greatest lower bound: z= x∧y z≤ x z = x ∧ y z ...Lego blocks can teach a variety of components of structural engineering. Learn 5 things Lego blocks can teach you about structural engineering. Advertisement Block by block, one pl...structure an argument might include: •Explaining how the growth of trade and mercantilist exchange fostered the increased availability of consumer goods in 18. th This handout was designed to help my students better understand how to properly structure their Long Essay Question (LEQ) for the AP World History exam. This could easily be used and/or adapted for the other AP History courses that use the LEQ on the test!This includes samples for context, thesis, a... Kim from Khan Academy here with a quick guide to the 2020 AP U.S. History exam. I'm gonna go over the details about the new exam format and how the scoring system has changed. Okay, here's what you need to know. First, the exam is taking place on Friday, May 15th, 2020. The time depends on where you live.continuity, and change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. 2 points. Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question.Here's what the perfect email consists of: brevity, a...About the Thesis Point. The thesis point is where you introduce the premise of your essay and state your argument. It must be "historically defensible," which means there must be enough evidence present to defend your claim. Your argument must be decisive and contain a development from what the prompt says. Steer clear of rephrasing!It may feel excessive, but studying is vital to success on this exam. The DBQ and LEQ are done together in 1 hour and 40 minutes. Remember to pace yourselves; you have 50/50 for each composition. Don’t make the same mistake students make of spending too much on one section and not the other. LEQ Rubric Cont. D. ANALYSIS AND REASONING 0-2 pts 1 pt. Uses historical reasoning (e.g. comparison, causation, continuity and change over time) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. OR 2 pts. Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence Failing to structure your business in the most appropriate way (given your goals) can lead to problems. Learn about business legal structures. Advertisement You are starting a comp...Definition. A \emph {lattice} is a structure L= L,≤ L = L, ≤ that is a partially ordered set in which all elements x,y∈L x, y ∈ L have a. least upper bound: z= x∨y x≤ z z = x ∨ y x ≤ z, y≤z and ∀w (x ≤w y ≤ z and ∀ w ( x ≤ w, y≤w z≤ w) y ≤ w z ≤ w) and a. greatest lower bound: z= x∧y z≤ x z = x ∧ y z ...

Here are the three types of prompts you can choose from for the Long Essay: Prompt 1: Focuses on the years 1200-1750. Prompt 2: Focuses on the years 1450-1900. Prompt 3: Focuses on the years 1750-2001. Sadly, Stonehenge won't be tested on the exam. But, hey, at least its picture made it into this article!

After you finish, you can see how you did with Unit 4 LEQ (The Market Revolution) Answers. ⏱ The AP US History exam has a mixture of free-response questions and allotted times. For these types of questions, there will be 1 LEQ, and you will be given 40 minutes to complete it. (This means you should give yourself 40 minutes to go through each ...This handout was designed to help my students better understand how to properly structure their Long Essay Question (LEQ) for the AP World History exam. This could easily be used and/or adapted for the other AP History courses that use the LEQ on the test!This includes samples for context, thesis, a...May 16, 2022 · Finish off with a concluding paragraph that clearly lays out why the points made in your essay are valid. You can take around 30 minutes crafting your LEQ essay. 4. Edit and Proofread Your LEQ Response. Finally, you will want to look over your LEQ essay and to check for grammatical errors or spelling mistakes. LEQ Structure Questions and Doubts. Hi everyone! I am having lots of doubts about the LEQ. What I know is that the three options that I will be provided will be from different time periods, but will all be testing you on the same historical thinking skill: Causation, Change and Continuity Over Time, Comparison, and apparently also Periodization ... Typically, statements credited as evidence will be more specific than statements credited as contextualization. • If a response has a multipart argument, then it can meet the threshold of two pieces of evidence by giving one example for one part of the argument andThis bundle contains all of my resources from this site for Year 1 of the IB Diploma in Psychology: all the topics and activities in the Biological, Cognitive and Sociocultural approaches plus a mock exam with feedback guidance notes, exemplar SAQs and LAQs for revision and practice with exam structure. was £25.00. Bundle.IB Psychology IA: How to Structure & Smash It! The Psychology IA has a unique format compared to other IAs – it’s based around an experiment, like the Experimental Sciences (Chemistry, Biology, Physics), but there are a lot of other things that make it unique. It can be tough to know if you’re on the right track when you’re not sure ... Mexican-American War and AFTER. Opposition to Mexican-American War among northern Whigs. Abraham Lincoln Spot Resolutions (1846) Wilmot Proviso (1846) Popular sovereignty. Stephen A. Douglas. Compromise of 1850. California enters as free state. Stricter fugitive slave law. Il existe de nombreux types d’organigrammes car il existe de nombreux types de structures d'entreprise. Dans cet article, nous allons voir les dix formes les plus courantes de structures organisationnelles et les raisons qui peuvent vous inciter à les adopter. 1. Structure organisationnelle hiérarchique.

Mywashingtonnational.

Courtney collingsworth metz.

AP EURO LEQ RUBRIC Continuity & Change Over Time Name: _____ LEQ: _____ THESIS (ONE POINT) Clear thesis that directly answers ALL parts of the question. Does more than re-state. 1 EVIDENCE & SUPPORT FOR ARGUMENT (TWO POINTS) Supports the stated thesis (or makes a relevant argument) using specific evidence 2Subscribed. 4.8K. 233K views 1 year ago How to Write DBQs and LEQs for AP Histories. Resources from Heimler's History: HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDES (formerly known as Ultimate Review …The LEQ might be the most abstract prompt you encounter on the free-response section. It your hence extra important to use the Kaplan Method in order to organize your idea and logically think through your your. ... Organizing your essay corresponds to the historical skill being tested is an easy and effective way to structure …Overview. Students were expected to develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which a twentieth-century revolutionary movement was inspired by one of three ideologies: communism, nationalism, and/or religious ideas. The question primarily addressed content from Units 7 and 8 of the course framework.I've taken the guidelines from the new AP World History course description and created a user-friendly AP World LEQ Rubric for teachers to use while assessing their students' LEQs. Click the icon to DOWNLOAD in PDF format! download pdf. Teachers who subscribe to my Eight Month Writing Clinic can share the instructional videos with their students.APUSH LEQ RUBRIC. I've taken the guidelines from the latest AP US History course and exam description and created a user-friendly APUSH LEQ Rubric for teachers to use while assessing their students' LEQs. Click the icon to DOWNLOAD in PDF format! Teachers who subscribe to my Eight Month Writing Clinic can share the instructional videos with ...To typeset algorithms or pseudocode in LaTeX you can use one of the following options: Choose ONE of the ( algpseudocode OR algcompatible OR algorithmic) packages to typeset algorithm bodies, and the algorithm package for captioning the algorithm. The algorithm2e package. Note that you should choose only one of the above groups of …After you finish, you can see how you did with Unit 8 LEQ (The Civil Rights Movement) Answers. ⏱ The AP US History exam has a mixture of free-response questions and allotted times. For these types of questions, there will be 1 LEQ, and you will be given 40 minutes to complete it. (This means you should give yourself 40 minutes to go …Structural engineers have a different fee structure than an architect and home inspectors. We outline the difference in cost, so check it out! Expert Advice On Improving Your Home ... ….

Typically, statements credited as evidence will be more specific than statements credited as contextualization. • If a response has a multipart argument, then it can meet the threshold of two pieces of evidence by giving one example for one part of the argument and The objectives of this study were first to harmonise and translate the LEQ, and as follows: (i) to evaluate concurrent and structural validity of the adapted LEQ by assessing its correlation with a similar tool and its factor's structure across four European countries, respectively, (ii) to test associations with cognitive domains affected in ...Examples of evidence that are specific and relevant include the following (two examples required): Interwar artistic movements (e.g., Expressionism, Futurism, Surrealism, Dadaism) Anti-war literature (e.g., British trench poets, All Quiet on the Western Front) Prowar literature (e.g., Storm of Steel) Existentialism.to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. To earn the first point, the response must demonstrate the use of historical reasoning to frame or structure an argument, although the reasoning might be uneven or imbalanced, or the evidence may be overly general or lacking specificity. 2. Demonstrates a COMPLEX UNDERSTANDINGA. Thesis/Claim (0–1 points): 1. The response earned 1 point for thesis/claim in the introduction: “The extent to which on going cross-cultural interactions affected trade and/or exploration during the period circa 1450–1750 was that of a positive impact due to the expansion of trade, religion, and land.”.Highlights We examined the factor structure of the Learning Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ). The LEQ was expected to have a multi-dimensional factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the fit of the LEQ data to six different models. Results supported the proposed multi-dimensional structure. Tests of …AP® U.S. History 2021 Scoring Guidelines. Row D Analysis and Reasoning (0-2 points) 0 points. Does not meet the criteria for one point. 1 point. Uses historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity and change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. 2 points.This handout was designed to help my students better understand how to properly structure their Long Essay Question (LEQ) for the AP World History exam. This could easily be used and/or adapted for the other AP History courses that use the LEQ on the test!This includes samples for context, thesis, a...C. Evidence (0–2 points): 2. The response earned 2 points for evidence. The response identifies specific examples relevant to the prompt, such as the Cold War and the Berlin Airlift. The response earned the second point because it supports the argument in response to the prompt by using specific historical evidence.The Mongols started as a group of nomads in the early 13th century, but quickly grew to be one of the biggest empires in the world.They did this through their reintroduction on the Silk Roads trading route and their religous tolerence. One of the Mongols main feats was opening up the silk roads for trade once again. Leq structure, Aug 5, 2020 ... How to structure your answer to the question (the hypothesis). Once you have identified the two elements you are going to compare in your ..., Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ..., NEWLY-UPDATED FOR 2023-2024. The College Board has released revised LEQ rubric guidelines for the AP European History that will take effect immediately for the 2023-2024 academic year. I have revised my rubric to meet the new guidelines and am providing other resources to help teachers implement the new format. , The LEQ is scored on a six point rubric, and each point can be earned independently. That means you can miss a point on something and still earn other … See more, to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. To earn the first point, the response must demonstrate the use of historical reasoning to frame or structure an argument, although the reasoning might be uneven or imbalanced, or the evidence may be overly general or lacking specificity. 2. Demonstrates a COMPLEX UNDERSTANDING, French and Germany shareholders are in talks to change the shareholding and corporate governance structures of European aerospace giant, and Airbus parent, EADS. The company confir..., Capital structure refers to the blend of debt and equity a company uses to fund and finance its operations. Capital structure refers to the blend of debt and equity a company uses ..., AP® U.S. History 2021 Scoring Guidelines. Row D Analysis and Reasoning (0-2 points) 0 points. Does not meet the criteria for one point. 1 point. Uses historical reasoning (e.g., comparison, causation, continuity and change) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. 2 points. , 693K subscribers. Subscribed. 4.8K. 233K views 1 year ago How to Write DBQs and LEQs for AP Histories. Resources from Heimler's History: HEIMLER REVIEW GUIDES (formerly known as Ultimate Review..., LEQ Essay Structure. Term. 1 / 9. Context (CTX): 2 sentences. Click the card to flip 👆. Definition. 1 / 9. Describe the broader historical background (events, developments, or processes) immediately relevant to the prompt using the 4Ws (when, where, who, and what). Click the card to flip 👆., NEWLY-UPDATED FOR 2023-2024. The College Board has released revised LEQ rubric guidelines for the AP European History that will take effect immediately for the 2023-2024 academic year. I have revised my rubric to meet the new guidelines and am providing other resources to help teachers implement the new format. , Download free-response questions from this year's exam and past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. If you are using assistive technology and need help accessing these PDFs in another format, contact Services for Students with Disabilities at 212-713-8333 or by email at ssd@info ... , Are you considering hiring a structural engineer for an inspection but unsure about the cost? Understanding what is included in the price of a structural engineer inspection can he..., LEQ Structure Harty | APWH Introduction Contextualization and Thesis. Contextualization: Set the scene for your LEQ. Think about the Star Wars intro crawl- what is causing this LEQ to occur. Needs to contain at least ONE specific piece of evidence (think vocab term) that isn’t reused in the rest of your essay. From College Board: To earn this point, the …, causation, CCOT) to frame or structure an argument that addresses the prompt. OR 2 pts. Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the question. To earn the first point, the response must demonstrate the , After you finish, you can see how you did with Unit 4 LEQ (The Market Revolution) Answers. ⏱ The AP US History exam has a mixture of free-response questions and allotted times. For these types of questions, there will be 1 LEQ, and you will be given 40 minutes to complete it. (This means you should give yourself 40 minutes to go through each ..., LEQ Structure Harty | APWH Introduction Contextualization and Thesis. Contextualization: Set the scene for your LEQ. Think about the Star Wars intro crawl- what is causing this LEQ to occur. Needs to contain at least ONE specific piece of evidence (think vocab term) that isn’t reused in the rest of your essay., Here's what the perfect email consists of: brevity, a..., Start with 20 minutes for your outline and 50 for your essay, (or longer, if you need). Then when you can do it in 20 and 50, move back to 18 minutes and 45 for writing, then to 15 and 40. You absolutely can learn to manage your time effectively so that you can write a great DBQ in the time allotted. , Flag every directive word or key phrase in the question prompt. 3. Plan out your response BEFORE you start writing. 4. Double check you’ve made explicit references to connections in your writing. 5. Practice, practice, and then practice some more. 37 AP® World History and Politics FRQ Tips to Scoring a 4 or 5., Highlights We examined the factor structure of the Learning Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ). The LEQ was expected to have a multi-dimensional factor structure. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the fit of the LEQ data to six different models. Results supported the proposed multi-dimensional structure. Tests of …, ... Architecture Art Asian Studies Cooking & Baking Cultural Studies Dance Design Education & Teaching English Ethnic Studies Fashion Design Film Gender Studies ..., 1 of 1. 3B. The ottomans legitamized their power in 1450 to 1750 through the use of janisaries, religious tolerance and tax farming. The ottomans are muslim country in the middle east they are the second longest empire in the world behind the roman empire and they legitimized their power through many different means., Learn how to use structured data to optimize and organize your website and make your customers' lives easier. Trusted by business builders worldwide, the HubSpot Blogs are your num..., He was jumping high into the air. So Qals called out, ‘In the future, do the same in the wa- ter,’ and transformed him into a sturgeon.” (Boas 1891). Leq’á:mél First Nation is an Indian Band located in Deroche, 22 kilometers east of Mission, population approx. 420. Leq’á:mél holds ten Indian Reserves, Yaalstick IR #1, Lackaway ..., Overview. The Long Essay Question (LEQ) asked students to formulate a thesis/claim in response to a prompt about a particular historical development or episode in European history. In 2021, each LEQ asked students to determine the most significant effect of historical events or processes in European history., The underlying factor structure of the Learning Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ; Schaub, 2004) was examined using data from 742 male and female college-age respondents. The LEQ items reflect a variety of learning experiences (generated based on Bandura's (1986, 1997) four sources of self-efficacy perceptions) that might occur in …, Lego blocks can teach a variety of components of structural engineering. Learn 5 things Lego blocks can teach you about structural engineering. Advertisement Block by block, one pl..., The underlying factor structure of the Learning Experiences Questionnaire (LEQ; Schaub, 2004) was examined using data from 742 male and female college-age respondents. The LEQ items reflect a variety of learning experiences (generated based on Bandura's (1986, 1997) four sources of self-efficacy perceptions) that might occur in …, Step 3: Write the Thesis (1 point on the rubric) The thesis is the concise and clear statement of your argument that you just decided on above. Use your arguments to make your thesis - don’t go off script. DO NOT HIJACK THE QUESTION! Answer the question in your thesis – ALL PARTS of it! Provide the reader with a “road map.”., Step 1: Understand the Prompt. The first step in writing an LEQ is to carefully read and understand the prompt. Pay close attention to the specific historical context, time period, and key terms used in the question. This will help you focus your research and develop a clear thesis statement. , After you finish, you can see how you did with Unit 4 LEQ (The Market Revolution) Answers. ⏱ The AP US History exam has a mixture of free-response questions and allotted times. For these types of questions, there will be 1 LEQ, and you will be given 40 minutes to complete it. (This means you should give yourself 40 minutes to go through each ..., Typically, statements credited as evidence will be more specific than statements credited as contextualization. • If a response has a multipart argument, then it can meet the threshold of two pieces of evidence by giving one example for one part of the argument and